IELTS Reading Subtest
Part I
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Questions 1-6
Reaidng Passage 1 has seven sections A-G
Choose the most suitable headings for sections A-D and F-G from the the list of headings below .
Write the appropriate numbers i-x in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
i The possible application of artifical lateral lines in the future
ii The two tests on the artifical version of a fishy sense organ
iii The features of artificial lateral-line system in Dr. Liu’s tests
iv The origin of human inspration for inventions from the nature
v The importance of series of flow sensors for survival of fish
vi The impact of natural lateral line system on modern society
vii The great invention of artificial lateral-line system in biology
viii Advantage of hair sensors over heating filaments in the test
ix Superiority of natural lateral-line system to the artifical one
x The direction-guiding function of natural lateral-line system
1 Section A
2 Seciton B
3 Seciton C
4 Seciton D
Example Answer
Section E ii
5 Section F
6 Section G
Lateral Thinking
Section A
Inventors have long tried to copy nature. Most, though, have looked to the skies and the land, rather than the sea, for inspiration. And even when they have attempted to imitate marine life, they have tended to consider it through mammalian eyes. Submarines, for example, use the familiar human senses of sight and sound to build images of their surroundings.
Section B
But that is not the way that fish do it. Although fish can see and hear, they also rely a lot on a series of flow sensors strung along the sides of their bodies. These sensors are known as the lateral-line system. To navigate like a fish, it would help to sense like one. And, in research just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Chang Liu, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and his colleagues describe the first attempts to do so.
Section C
A natural lateral-line system consists of about 100 sense cells that run from the gills to the tail on each side of the fish. The cells detect subtle water movements, and from the different times that the individual cells are stimulated by these movements the fish‘s brain is able to reconstruct an image of what caused them in the first place. Blind a shoaling fish such as a herring and it can still follow its mates. Cut its lateral lines and it rapidly gets lost.
Section D
Dr Liu‘s artificial lateral line was somewhat shorter than a natural one. It consisted of 16 tiny flow sensors, rather than 100. The sensors themselves contained heated filaments and worked by recording how quickly the heat was lost. The faster that water moved past a filament, the quicker the filament lost heat. The output from the sensors was fed into a computer that had been programmed to try to work out what was going on in a simplified version of the way that a fish brain would.
Section E
First, the researchers tested whether their system could locate the small pulsing movement caused by a vibrating ball. Not only was the pattern of recordings along the artificial lateral line similar to the pattern recorded from the nerve cells of a real fish, but the computer could also decipher it to follow the source of the pulse as it moved along different paths.
The next test was whether the array could detect vortices left in the wake of escaping prey. The “prey”, in this case, was a cylinder with water flowing around it. This time, the artificial lateral-line system could work out the general direction of the source and identify the pattern of the vortices. Much like weather vanes in whirlwinds, some sensors in a vortex receive water flowing one way while those on the other side find it flows in the opposite direction. Those in the middle are left unruffled, in the eye of the storm.
Section F
Having proved his point, Dr Liu is now trying to design sensors that work more like the sense cells in a real lateral line. Instead of heated filaments, these sensors have artificial hairs. The hairs flutter in moving water as flags do in moving air, and the way in which they flutter contains information about the direction and speed of the water moving past them. This principle should allow the team to build more sensitive arrays. Heating filaments in water causes bubbles to form, so turning the power up too much stops them working. Hair sensors do not suffer from the same upper limit.
Section G
Artificial lateral lines would have many applications. The most obvious would be in submarines, both manned and unmanned. In the case of military submarines they would have the advantage over sonar of being passive. Sending out a ping is a dead giveaway—literally so, in time of war. And merely listening for sound cannot detect stationary threats. A lateral-line system could. The vortices thrown off by water moving past even a stationary object would be visible to it.
Dr Liu also speculates about using lateral lines to detect air-movements. That could lead to some far less obvious applications, such as a lateral line-enabled iPod that automatically pumps up the volume in response to the onrushing air of an underground train or similar big, noisy object. That would, indeed, be an inventive brush with nature.
Questions 7-12
Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In Boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statemenht reflets the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this
7 Inventors have long counted on the skies and the land rather than the sea to provide new ideas for their inventions.
8 Unlike submarine, fish uses the familiar human senses of sight and sound to build images of their surroundings.
9 The cells in the natural lateral-line system can detect water movements which are not immediately noticeable.
10 Like any other shoaling fish, a small blind salman can still follow its mates without losing its way in water.
11 The most obvious application of the artificial lateral lines would be only in human-operated submarines in the future.
12 An artifical lateral-line system could detect the existence of the vortices caused by water passing even a motionless object.
Questions 13-14
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 13-14 on your answe sheet.
13 According to the information in the text, which of the following statements describes the relationship between speed and amount of heat lost in Dr.Liu’s artificial lateral-line system?
A When the water moved at a faster pace, it took longer time for the heated filaments to lose their heat.
B If the water moved very slowly past a heated filament, the filament would lose its heat fairly rapidly.
C The speed of water moving past a heated filament was in direct proportion to the amount of heat it lost.
D The speed of water moving past a heated filament was inversely proportional to the amount of heat it lost .
14 According to the information in the text, which of the following statements is NOT the charateristics of the natural lateral-line system in Dr.Liu’s tests on the artifical version of a fishy sense organ ?
A The purppose of the first test was to investigate whether the system could locate the small pulsing movement caused by a vibrating ball.
B The first test demonstrated that the pattern recorded from both the artificla lateral-line system and the nerve cells of a real fish was similar.
C The next test intended to explore whether the artificial system could identify the general direction of the source and the pattern of the vortices.
D The second test showed that the vortices flew in the same direction on both sides of the sensors, but with different pattern in the middle area.
Part II
Notes to Reading Passage 1
1. Lateral
(adj.) 侧面的;横(向)的。
lateral thinking
侧向/横向思维模式：一种通过使用自己的想象力，而不是凭借逻辑分析或其它传统的思维模式来思考起先不明显的解决问题之办法。
2. sensor.
n. 传感器;灵敏元件。
flow sensor 流量传感器。
3. proceedings
n. (复数) 记录, 纪要，学报，年报; 汇编。
本词在文章里的意思为“国家科学院年报，科学文献汇编”。
4. stimulate
v 刺激, 激励。
e.g. Alcohol stimulates the action of the heart. 酒刺激心脏的活动。
Exercise stimulates the flow of blood. 体操促进血液流动。
5. shoaling
n. 浅滩, 沙洲, 鱼群。
shoaling fish 浅水鱼。
6. herring
n. 青鱼, 鲱 鱼 。
a red herring 熏青鱼 。
7. filaments
n. 细丝, 灯丝。
8. feed
v. 送料, 加水; .供给(with); 加进(原料)…。
本词在文章里的意思为 “把数据输入电脑”。
9. pulsing
n. 脉冲调制, 脉冲的产生, 脉 [波、搏] 动。
air pulsing气动脉冲, 脉冲运动。
10. decipher
v. 译解 (密码等)。
11. array
n. 排列, 编队, 军队。
本词在文章里的意思为 “传感器方阵，传感器组合元件”。
12. vortices (单数) , vortex (复数)
n. 旋涡, 旋风, 涡流。
13. wake
n.(船后的)航迹，尾波,(飞机后面的)尾流，尾波。
in the wake 接踵而至;在…之后。
e.g. The truck left clouds of dust in its wake.车后扬起了一阵尘土。
the psychic trauma in the wake of the 9-11 terrorist attack.
9-11恐怖袭击之后产生于人们的心理创伤。
14. cylinder
n. 圆筒, 圆柱体, 汽缸, 柱面。
本词在文章里的意思为“由于周围旋涡而形成的水柱”。
15. vane
n . 风向标, 风环; (螺旋桨的) 翼, 叶片。
16. whirlwind .
n. 旋风, 旋流; 旋涡。
17. unruffled
adj. 不起皱的, 不骚动的, 不混乱的, 安静的。
本词在文章里的意思为“那些置于旋涡中间，风眼周围的传感器保持不动状态”。
18. eye of storm
风吹来的方向, 风眼，风的中心。
19. flutter
v. 振翅; 飘动, 鼓翼.
e.g. The flag fluttered in the wind.旗帜在风中飘扬。
20. turn up
把声音开大;把力量加大。
21. ping
n. 子弹飞过空中的声音, 砰砰声。
22. dead
adj. 突然的, 绝对的, 完全的。
e.g. a dead certainty绝对确实。
23. giveaway
n. 泄漏机密。
本词在文章里的意思为“无意中发出的任何形式的声音都会泄露军情或军事秘密”。
24. stationary
adj. .固定的;不动的。
25. ipod
iPod =Inductive Potential Divider 电感性电位分压器; 苹果牌 MP3/4 媒体播放器。
本词在文章里的意思为“安装有横向系统的MP3/4能够根据地铁火车或类似体积大，噪音高的物体高速运动时产生的气流的大小来自动提高(放声)音量”。
26. pump up
v. 抽空, 抽干, 注满, 打满, 加足马力。
e.g. He pumped up his tires. 他给车胎打足了气。
27. onrushing
adj. 汹涌奔流的, 风驰电掣般的(气流)。
28. brush
n.(常与with连用)小冲突, 小的遭遇战。
e.g. a brush with the police与警察发生的小冲突。
本词在文章里的意思为“与大自然的一次较量，对大自然形成的挑战”。
Part III
Keys to the Questions 1-14
1. iv
Explanation
See the first two sentences in Section A “Inventors have long tried to copy nature. Most, though, have looked to the skies and the land, rather than the sea, for inspiration”.
2. v
Explanation
See the first sentence in the Section B “Although fish can see and hear, they also rely a lot on a series of flow sensors strung along the sides of their bodies.”.
3. x
Explanation
See the first two sentences in Section C “The cells detect subtle water movements, and from the different times that the individual cells are stimulated by these movements the fish‘s brain is able to reconstruct an image of what caused them in the first place.”.
4. iii
Explanation
See the first two sentences in Section D“Dr Liu‘s artificial lateral line was somewhat shorter than a natural one…The sensors themselves contained heated filaments and worked by recording how quickly the heat was lost”.
5. viii
Explanation
See the sentences in Section F “Instead of heated filaments, these sensors have artificial hairs… Heating filaments in water causes bubbles to form, so turning the power up too much stops them working. Hair sensors do not suffer from the same upper limit”.
6. i
Explanation
See the first sentence in each paragrph of Section G“Artificial lateral lines would have many applications. Dr Liu also speculates about using lateral lines to detect air-movements”.
7. TRUE
Explanation
See the first two sentences in Section A“Inventors have long tried to copy nature. Most, though, have looked to the skies and the land, rather than the sea, for inspiration”.
8. FALSE
Explanation
See the last sentence in Section A “Submarines, for example, use the familiar human senses of sight and sound to build images of their surroundings”.
9. TRUE
Explanation
See the second sentence in Section C“The cells detect subtle water movements.”
10. NOT GIVEN
Explanation
See the last two sentences in Section C “Blind a shoaling fish such as a herring and it can still follow its mates. Cut its lateral lines and it rapidly gets lost”.
11. FALSE
Explanation
See the first two sentences in Section G “Artificial lateral lines would have many applications.The most obvious would be in submarines,both manned and unmanned.”
12. TRUE
Explanation
See the last two sentences in Section G “A lateral-line system could. The vortices thrown off by water moving past even a stationary object would be visible to it.”
13 .C
Explanation
See the fourth sentence in Section D “The faster that water moved past a filament, the quicker the filament lost heat.”
14 D
Explanation
See the last two sentences in the first paragraph of Section E “A lateral-line system could. The vortices thrown off by water moving past even a stationary object would be visible to it.”
